Here you can find relevant information about ASIC miners and how they work.
An ASIC miner (ASIC = Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a computing machine that is built to handle a type of calculation particularly well and efficiently. For this purpose, ASICs use special microchips that are optimized for mining and solving complex mathematical equations and are perfect at this task. However, the ASIC miner can only do this one task well and cannot be used for other tasks. This means that the miner can only mine a special “algorithm” or coin. An ASIC specializing in the SHA-256 (Bitcoin) mining algorithm cannot therefore be used for Ethash (Ethereum).
With the increasing interest in crypto mining, the total hash computing power in the network is also increasing in parallel. Accordingly, it is important to have as much computing power as possible, because the more computing power the hardware provides, the higher the rewards are (see an explanation here). In theory, you could also mine with your home PC, but they do not provide enough power, which is why they are unsuitable for mining. Another point here is efficiency and power consumption. ASIC miners are extremely efficient and have a high hashrate per power consumption factor.
The main advantage of an ASIC miner over a classic mining rig is its powerful computing power combined with low power consumption per computing operation. When mining, high efficiency is the decisive factor for a high profit margin. In addition, an ASIC miner is relatively small and compact in terms of its physical size (much smaller than a mining rig with similar performance) and the hardware itself is not as maintenance-intensive. Spare parts can also be purchased quickly and cheaply on the shelf.
The disadvantages of an ASIC miner are in particular the high purchase costs (a current device often costs several thousand euros) and the application-specific use (use only for one algorithm or coin). In addition, the ASICs are more suitable for industrial use, as a good power infrastructure is required and the devices produce a great deal of heat, which requires special air-conditioning concepts. In addition, ASIC miners are extremely loud compared to mining rigs.
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